Things to know about machine learning (ML)

Machine learning is widely used in computer science and other fields such as compliance. Developing successful machine learning applications, however, requires a substantial amount of "black art" that is difficult to find in textbooks. Here come the 12 key lessons that machine learning researches have learned.

  1. Learning = Representation + Evaluation + Optimization.
  2. It is Generalization that Counts.
  3. Data Alone Is Not Enough.
  4. Overfitting Has Many Faces.
  5. Intuition Fails in High Dimensions.
  6. Theoretical Guarantees Are Not What They Seem.
  7. Feature Engineering Is The Key.
  8. More Data Beats a Cleverer Algorithm.
  9. Learn Many Models, Not just One.
  10. Simplicity Does Not Imply Accuracy.
  11. Representable Does Not Imply Learnable.
  12. Correlation Does Not Imply Causation.

Data Protection Act

The Swiss Data Protection Act underwent a complete revision in 2020, and its new version took effect on September 1, 2023, along with the new Data Protection Ordinance (DPO). The revision itself is complete, but its practical application continues to evolve. The topic of AI is particularly relevant: On May 8, 2025, the FDPIC confirmed that the DPA is technology-neutral and applies directly to all AI applications. In practice, this means, among other things, that users must know whether they are interacting with AI (transparency requirement, Art. 19), and that a data protection impact assessment is mandatory in cases of high risk—such as profiling or facial recognition (Art. 22). The Federal Office of Justice (FOJ) is drafting a consultation document on AI regulation to be completed by the end of 2026. With this, Switzerland will implement the Council of Europe's AI Convention.

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